For example, Airbus ( Airbus, 2023a b) is currently developing concepts for zero-emission commercial aircraft, powered by hydrogen fuel cells for auxiliaries, and turboprop/turbofan combustion engines for main propulsion. Despite these challenges, several companies and organizations are actively working to develop hydrogen-powered aircraft. These challenges include the high cost of producing and storing hydrogen, the limited infrastructure for hydrogen refueling, and the technical challenges of designing aircraft that can operate on hydrogen fuel. However, the use of hydrogen in commercial aviation is still in the early stages of development, and several challenges need to be addressed before it can become a viable alternative to traditional fuels. It can power aircraft without releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Renewable hydrogen is a zero-emission fuel produced from renewable energy, such as solar and wind, and a feedstock of water. Hydrogen commercial aviation ( Brewer, 1976 Pohl, and Malychev, 1997) is an emerging technology that has the potential to transform the airline industry by providing a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. The introduction of hypersonic renewable-hydrogen-only aircraft could also be possible, given the progress in hypersonic technologies and the synergy with subsonic commercial aviation.
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Renewable-hydrogen-only aircraft necessitate further development of aircraft technology before full deployment by 2035, providing renewable hydrogen will be cheap and abundant at the time, and the airport infrastructure developed. Non-conventional designs such as Blended-Wing-Body and hybridization may help reduce energy consumption. Fuel cell propeller propulsion also suffers from the weight of batteries and fuel cell stack. With conventional designs, the maximum-take-off weight slightly reduces, but the operating-weight-empty largely increases with hydrogen, for an 8%–15% larger energy consumption per pax and nm compared to hydrocarbon fuels. spherical/cylindrical tanks, the same as the use of novel composite structures to improve strength and reduce the weight of tanks.
Conformal tanks may reduce the total aircraft volume vs.
The hydrogen aircraft architecture is strongly modified to accept much larger fuel tanks, having hydrogen a larger mass-specific-energy, but a smaller volume-specific-energy, than jet fuels, stored onboard liquid or cold-cryo/compressed. Hybridization of gas turbine engines is beneficial for propeller and jet propulsion. Fuel cells have a better appeal for novel urban air mobility solutions. The conversion efficiency from chemical to mechanical energy at the propeller is larger with fuel cells, but the propulsion system is also larger, in addition to heavier.
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In the case of propeller propulsion, the use of combustion engines is preferable to fuel cells plus electric motors. Hydrogen may substitute traditional hydrocarbon fuels in propeller and jet aircraft.
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